Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method

ABSTRACT

Various types of pressure regulating devices are disclosed to reduce a pressure gradient in a liquid supply system of a lithographic apparatus, the liquid supply system having a liquid confinement structure configured to at least partially confine a liquid between a projection system and a substrate table of the lithographic apparatus. A high pressure gradient may cause particulate contamination in the liquid supply system and/or liquid confinement structure. A pressure gradient can be reduced by, for example, the use of slow switching in one or more valves, a bleed flow around or through one or more valves, diversion of liquid to a drain rather than or in addition to switching a valve off, a pressure regulator or flow restrictor to prevent shock waves, and a buffer volume/damper to compensate for pressure fluctuation.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus and a method for manufacturing a device.

BACKGROUND

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. comprising part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.

It has been proposed to immerse the substrate in the lithographic projection apparatus in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate. The point of this is to enable imaging of smaller features since the exposure radiation will have a shorter wavelength in the liquid. (The effect of the liquid may also be regarded as increasing the effective NA of the system and also increasing the depth of focus.) Other immersion liquids have been proposed, including water with solid particles (e.g. quartz) suspended therein.

However, submersing the substrate or substrate and substrate table in a bath of liquid (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,509,852, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference) means that there is a large body of liquid that must be accelerated during a scanning exposure. This requires additional or more powerful motors and turbulence in the liquid may lead to undesirable and unpredictable effects.

One of the solutions proposed is for a liquid supply system to provide liquid on only a localized area of the substrate and in between the final element of the projection system and the substrate (the substrate generally has a larger surface area than the final element of the projection system). One way which has been proposed to arrange for this is disclosed in PCT patent application publication WO 99/49504, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, liquid is supplied by at least one inlet IN onto the substrate, preferably along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, and is removed by at least one outlet OUT after having passed under the projection system. That is, as the substrate is scanned beneath the element in a −X direction, liquid is supplied at the +X side of the element and taken up at the −X side. FIG. 2 shows the arrangement schematically in which liquid is supplied via inlet IN and is taken up on the other side of the element by outlet OUT which is connected to a low pressure source. In the illustration of FIG. 2 the liquid is supplied along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, though this does not need to be the case. Various orientations and numbers of in- and out-lets positioned around the final element are possible, one example is illustrated in FIG. 3 in which four sets of an inlet with an outlet on either side are provided in a regular pattern around the final element.

SUMMARY

Liquid which is introduced into a liquid supply system, particularly to a liquid confinement structure such as comprising the one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and associated structure illustrated in FIGS. 2-4 and as illustrated in FIG. 5 (and discussed in more detail below), should be carefully controlled so that the pressure is such that turbulence, etc., does not cause an undesirable effect during an exposure. The vacuum and/or gas flow should be carefully controlled for the same reasons.

In order to control the liquid, gas and vacuum flows, valves are normally used. Tubing connected to these valves may experience high pressure gradients because of the rapid switching of the valves from closed to open and vice versa. Where there is low pressure, there is the risk of settling of bacteria and other particles. Where there is a change from low to high pressure, there is an increased risk of erosion of the surfaces of the tubing, which may cause particle contamination of the liquid supply system and thereby of the liquid confinement structure. Particle and/or bacterial contamination may seriously affect the consistency of a projection onto a substrate. Cleaning the system to remove particles is time consuming because of the required down time. It may take at least 20 minutes to clear deposited particles. Furthermore, particles that are deposited on a substrate may lead to defective printing of the substrate.

Accordingly, it would be advantageous, for example, to reduce pressure gradients so that pressure is neither reduced too much nor increased too quickly, in order to reduce particulate contamination of the liquid supply system.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a lithographic apparatus, comprising:

a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate;

a projection system configured to project a radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate;

a liquid supply system comprising a liquid confinement structure configured to at least partially confine a liquid between the projection system and the substrate table, and comprising a pressure regulating device configured to reduce a pressure fluctuation in liquid being supplied to the liquid confinement structure.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method, comprising:

projecting a patterned beam of radiation onto a substrate via a liquid confinement structure, the liquid confinement structure being supplied with a liquid via a liquid supply system; and

reducing a pressure fluctuation in the liquid in the liquid supply system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2 and 3 depict a liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus;

FIG. 4 depicts another liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus;

FIG. 5 depicts a further liquid supply system for use in a lithographic projection apparatus;

FIG. 6 a depicts a liquid supply system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 b depicts a part of a liquid supply system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 depicts a further part of a liquid supply system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a lithographic apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention. The apparatus comprises:

an illumination system (illuminator) IL configured to condition a radiation beam B (e.g. UV radiation or DUV radiation).

a support structure (e.g. a mask table) MT constructed to support a patterning device (e.g. a mask) MA and connected to a first positioner PM configured to accurately position the patterning device in accordance with certain parameters;

a substrate table (e.g. a wafer table) WT constructed to hold a substrate (e.g. a resist-coated wafer) W and connected to a second positioner PW configured to accurately position the substrate in accordance with certain parameters; and

a projection system (e.g. a refractive projection lens system) PS configured to project a pattern imparted to the radiation beam B by patterning device MA onto a target portion C (e.g. comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W.

The illumination system may include various types of optical components, such as refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic or other types of optical components, or any combination thereof, for directing, shaping, or controlling radiation.

The support structure supports, i.e. bears the weight of, the patterning device. It holds the patterning device in a manner that depends on the orientation of the patterning device, the design of the lithographic apparatus, and other conditions, such as for example whether or not the patterning device is held in a vacuum environment. The support structure can use mechanical, vacuum, electrostatic or other clamping techniques to hold the patterning device. The support structure may be a frame or a table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required. The support structure may ensure that the patterning device is at a desired position, for example with respect to the projection system. Any use of the terms “reticle” or “mask” herein may be considered synonymous with the more general term “patterning device.”

The term “patterning device” used herein should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to impart a radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section such as to create a pattern in a target portion of the substrate. It should be noted that the pattern imparted to the radiation beam may not exactly correspond to the desired pattern in the target portion of the substrate, for example if the pattern includes phase-shifting features or so called assist features. Generally, the pattern imparted to the radiation beam will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit.

The patterning device may be transmissive or reflective. Examples of patterning devices include masks, programmable mirror arrays, and programmable LCD panels. Masks are well known in lithography, and include mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. An example of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of small mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted so as to reflect an incoming radiation beam in different directions. The tilted mirrors impart a pattern in a radiation beam that is reflected by the mirror matrix.

The term “projection system” used herein should be broadly interpreted as encompassing any type of projection system, including refractive, reflective, catadioptric, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical systems, or any combination thereof, as appropriate for the exposure radiation being used, or for other factors such as the use of an immersion liquid or the use of a vacuum. Any use of the term “projection lens” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general term “projection system”.

As here depicted, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (e.g. employing a transmissive mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may be of a reflective type (e.g. employing a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above, or employing a reflective mask).

The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two (dual stage) or more substrate tables (and/or two or more support structures). In such “multiple stage” machines the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposure.

Referring to FIG. 1, the illuminator IL receives a radiation beam from a radiation source SO. The source and the lithographic apparatus may be separate entities, for example when the source is an excimer laser. In such cases, the source is not considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus and the radiation beam is passed from the source SO to the illuminator IL with the aid of a beam delivery system BD comprising, for example, suitable directing mirrors and/or a beam expander. In other cases the source may be an integral part of the lithographic apparatus, for example when the source is a mercury lamp. The source SO and the illuminator IL, together with the beam delivery system BD if required, may be referred to as a radiation system.

The illuminator IL may comprise an adjuster AD for adjusting the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL may comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. The illuminator may be used to condition the radiation beam, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.

The radiation beam B is incident on the patterning device (e.g., mask) MA, which is held on the support structure (e.g., mask table) MT, and is patterned by the patterning device. Having traversed the patterning device MA, the radiation beam B passes through the projection system PS, which focuses the beam onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioner PW and position sensor IF (e.g. an interferometric device, linear encoder or capacitive sensor), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the radiation beam B. Similarly, the first positioner PM and another position sensor (which is not explicitly depicted in FIG. 1) can be used to accurately position the patterning device MA with respect to the path of the radiation beam B, e.g. after mechanical retrieval from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the support structure MT may be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which form part of the first positioner PM. Similarly, movement of the substrate table WT may be realized using a long-stroke module and a short-stroke module, which form part of the second positioner PW. In the case of a stepper (as opposed to a scanner) the support structure MT may be connected to a short-stroke actuator only, or may be fixed. Patterning device MA and substrate W may be aligned using patterning device alignment marks M1, M2 and substrate alignment marks P1, P2. Although the substrate alignment marks as illustrated occupy dedicated target portions, they may be located in spaces between target portions (these are known as scribe-lane alignment marks). Similarly, in situations in which more than one die is provided on the patterning device MA, the patterning device alignment marks may be located between the dies.

The depicted apparatus could be used in at least one of the following modes:

1. In step mode, the support structure MT and the substrate table WT are kept essentially stationary, while an entire pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C at one time (i.e. a single static exposure). The substrate table WT is then shifted in the X and/or Y direction so that a different target portion C can be exposed. In step mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the size of the target portion C imaged in a single static exposure.

2. In scan mode, the support structure MT and the substrate table WT are scanned synchronously while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C (i.e. a single dynamic exposure). The velocity and direction of the substrate table WT relative to the support structure MT may be determined by the (de-)magnification and image reversal characteristics of the projection system PS. In scan mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the width (in the non-scanning direction) of the target portion in a single dynamic exposure, whereas the length of the scanning motion determines the height (in the scanning direction) of the target portion.

3. In another mode, the support structure MT is kept essentially stationary holding a programmable patterning device, and the substrate table WT is moved or scanned while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C. In this mode, generally a pulsed radiation source is employed and the programmable patterning device is updated as required after each movement of the substrate table WT or in between successive radiation pulses during a scan. This mode of operation can be readily applied to maskless lithography that utilizes programmable patterning device, such as a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above.

Combinations and/or variations on the above described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.

A further immersion lithography solution with a localized liquid supply system is shown in FIG. 4. Liquid is supplied by two groove inlets IN on either side of the projection system PL and is removed by a plurality of discrete outlets OUT arranged radially outwardly of the inlets IN. The inlets IN and OUT can be arranged in a plate with a hole in its center and through which the projection beam is projected. Liquid is supplied by one groove inlet IN on one side of the projection system PL and removed by a plurality of discrete outlets OUT on the other side of the projection system PL, causing a flow of a thin film of liquid between the projection system PL and the substrate W. The choice of which combination of inlet IN and outlets OUT to use can depend on the direction of movement of the substrate W (the other combination of inlet IN and outlets OUT being inactive).

Another immersion lithography solution with a localized liquid supply system solution which has been proposed is to provide the liquid supply system with a liquid confinement structure which extends along at least a part of a boundary of the space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate table. Such a solution is illustrated in FIG. 5. The liquid confinement structure is substantially stationary relative to the projection system in the XY plane though there may be some relative movement in the Z direction (in the direction of the optical axis). See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/844,575, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. A seal is typically formed between the liquid confinement structure and the surface of the substrate. In an embodiment, the seal is a contactless seal such as a gas seal.

Referring to FIG. 5, reservoir 10 forms a contactless seal to the substrate around the image field of the projection system so that liquid is confined to fill a space between the substrate surface and the final element of the projection system. The reservoir is formed by a liquid confinement structure 12 positioned below and surrounding the final element of the projection system PL. Liquid is brought into the space below the projection system and within the liquid confinement structure 12. The liquid confinement structure 12 extends a little above the final element of the projection system and the liquid level rises above the final element so that a buffer of liquid is provided. The liquid confinement structure 12 has an inner periphery that at the upper end, in an embodiment, closely conforms to the shape of the projection system or the final element thereof and may, e.g., be round. At the bottom, the inner periphery closely conforms to the shape of the image field, e.g., rectangular though this need not be the case.

The liquid is confined in the reservoir by a gas seal 16 between the bottom of the liquid confinement structure 12 and the surface of the substrate W. The gas seal is formed by gas, e.g. air or synthetic air but, in an embodiment, N₂ or another inert gas, provided under pressure via inlet 15 to the gap between liquid confinement structure 12 and substrate and extracted via first outlet 14. The overpressure on the gas inlet 15, vacuum level on the first outlet 14 and geometry of the gap are arranged so that there is a high-velocity gas flow inwards that confines the liquid.

The liquid supply system comprises an inlet for the liquid to enter the system and a “circulatory” system of conduits and valves to move and control flow of the liquid within the system. When liquid is required in the liquid confinement structure, the valves are switched to a first orientation. When liquid is not required, the valves are switched to a second orientation to stop or divert the liquid flow from the liquid confinement structure. The same applies to the gas and vacuum flows of outlet 14 and inlet 15 as shown in FIG. 5 and any the embodiments herein discussed with respect to liquid may be, as appropriately configured, applied to gas and vacuum flows. Further orientations of valve positions may be provided to increase or decrease the pressure of the liquid/gas/vacuum in the liquid confinement structure.

When switching a valve, the potential problems discussed above may become apparent. Particulate contamination in the liquid supply system or the liquid confinement structure may occur and possibly affect the exposure of the substrate. Clearly, the liquid (or gas or vacuum) should be pure and free from unacceptable levels of contamination. High pressure gradients (or rapid pressure changes) may be a source of this undesirable contamination.

As further discussed, there are several ways in which pressure gradients may be reduced in order to reduce particulate contamination of the liquid supply system and/or the liquid confinement structure.

A first method is to slow down the switching speed of one or more of the valves in the liquid supply system. For example, switching from 0 to about 2 or more liters per minute in 1 or 2 seconds can reduce particulate contamination to acceptable levels. Switching from 0 to about 2 or more liters per minute in 5 seconds can significantly or completely eliminate particulate contamination. Instead, switching from 0 to about 2 or more liters per minute in 0.1 second may lead to unacceptable levels of particulate contamination. In that case, the liquid supply system and/or liquid confinement structure will likely need to be cleaned to prevent defective exposure of the substrate. The slower switching of a valve may be especially important when the valve is downstream of a particle filter.

Furthermore, all valves in the liquid supply system can be switched at substantially the same speed to facilitate that liquid passing through all the valves is released or inhibited or diverted at the substantially same rate throughout the liquid supply system. The timing of the switching of a plurality of valves may also be carefully monitored in order that the liquid is not experiencing substantially different flow rates in different parts of the liquid supply system, the different flow rates being a potential cause of pressure gradients in the liquid supply system conduits. The switching of valves at the substantially same speed may be especially important to the valves downstream of a particle filter so that no new particles dislodged, etc. after the filter.

Another way of reducing a pressure gradient is to drain off liquid from the liquid supply system when it is not required in the liquid confinement structure, rather than switching the liquid supply system off. Switching the liquid supply system off means that the flow rate is very low, which may increase the risk of bacterial and particulate deposits. One way to achieve this draining is to have a valve that switches between allowing liquid to the liquid confinement structure and allowing liquid into a drain. It is possible to have the valve in the drain so that the valve opens the drain, rather than the valve switching between the liquid confinement structure and the drain. In that case, the liquid flowing in the conduit toward the liquid confinement structure diverts to the drain at a slower rate than if a valve were simply to switch between the liquid confinement structure and the drain because the liquid may continue to flow towards the liquid confinement structure until the drain is fully open. An alternative is to have a bleed flow which bypasses the valve and to keep a closed valve. Another alternative is to have a bleed flow through the valve itself. A further alternative is to have a bleed flow bypassing a valve and flowing into a drain. The purpose of a bleed flow is not to allow pressure of the fluid to build up behind a valve, for instance.

Examples of the positions of valves are shown in FIG. 6 a. FIG. 6 a shows two valves 20, one of which, 20 a, may simply be switched slowly and the other of which, 20 b, also comprises a drain 24. FIG. 6 b shows an alternative to the valve 20 b comprising the drain 24. FIG. 6 b shows a bleed flow 22, which bypasses valve 20 b and empties into drain 24. Arrow 2 shows the direction of flow of the liquid to the liquid confinement structure 40.

It can be seen that there may be valves 20 on either side of a particle filter 30. Liquid is supplied via an inlet 18, through valve 20 a in direction 4 through the particle filter 30 and finally through valve 20 b before reaching the liquid confinement structure 40. When the liquid confinement structure 40 does not require liquid, valve 20 a may be slowly switched off and/or valve 20 b may be switched to divert liquid down the drain 24. Alternatively, valve 20 b may be switched to a closed position and liquid will flow into a drain 24 via a bleed flow 22 as shown in FIG. 6 b.

FIG. 7 shows another embodiment to reduce a pressure gradient. In this case, a buffer volume/damper 50 contains liquid that keeps flow rates substantially constant by introducing liquid into the conduit 2 when the pressure of the flow 4 falls below a threshold.

Because of the static properties of buffer volume 50, there is a risk of bacterial or particle build up in the buffer volume 50 and so the buffer volume is kept physically separated from the rest of the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane 52. A buffer volume/damper 50 may also remove excess fluid if the pressure rises above a threshold. The baseline pressure in the buffer volume 50 is kept substantially the same as the desired pressure in the flow 4 in the liquid supply system. In this way, variations in pressure in the flow are compensated for. The larger the volume, the better the variation damping capability. The buffer volume may therefore be sized taking into account the desired flow and the expected pressure variations in the flow.

Although a buffer volume/damper may be useful for dampening pressure fluctuations, in an embodiment, it is desired to eliminate the fluctuations from the start, rather than compensate for them later. In order to do this, a further possibility is to introduce a pressure regulator 19 or flow restrictor 19 upstream of the liquid confinement structure and most of the liquid supply system, in the liquid supply system inlet 18. This may help reduce or prevent shock waves supplied by the liquid freshly introduced into the liquid supply system.

These solutions to the problem of pressure gradients may be used individually or in combination. The number and type used will depend on acceptable number of particles for the particular system in use as well as the types of conduits 2 used. Different conduits may be more or less prone to particulate erosion.

In an embodiment, the drain 24 is as close to the liquid confinement structure 40 as possible. This may make the benefits of the drain most efficient because the closer the drain is to the point where it is actually in use, the less piping is exposed to the flow variations as long as the combined flow to the liquid confinement structure and the flow to the drain is kept substantially constant. There is therefore less piping from which flow variations can erode contaminating particles.

In European Patent Application No. 03257072.3, the idea of a twin or dual stage immersion lithography apparatus is disclosed. Such an apparatus is provided with two tables for supporting a substrate. Leveling measurements are carried out with a table at a first position, without immersion liquid, and exposure is carried out with a table at a second position, where immersion liquid is present. Alternatively, the apparatus has only one table.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of lithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should be understood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may have other applications, such as the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, flat-panel displays, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “wafer” or “die” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general terms “substrate” or “target portion”, respectively. The substrate referred to herein may be processed, before or after exposure, in for example a track (a tool that typically applies a layer of resist to a substrate and develops the exposed resist), a metrology tool and/or an inspection tool. Where applicable, the disclosure herein may be applied to such and other substrate processing tools. Further, the substrate may be processed more than once, for example in order to create a multi-layer IC, so that the term substrate used herein may also refer to a substrate that already contains multiple processed layers.

The terms “radiation” and “beam” used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of or about 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm).

The term “lens”, where the context allows, may refer to any one or combination of various types of optical components, including refractive and reflective optical components.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. For example, the invention may take the form of a computer program containing one or more sequences of machine-readable instructions describing a method as disclosed above, or a data storage medium (e.g. semiconductor memory, magnetic or optical disk) having such a computer program stored therein.

One or more embodiments of the invention may be applied to any immersion lithography apparatus, in particular, but not exclusively, those types mentioned above and whether the immersion liquid is provided in the form of a bath or only on a localized surface area of the substrate. A liquid supply system as contemplated herein should be broadly construed. In certain embodiments, it may be a mechanism or combination of structures that provides a liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate and/or substrate table. It may comprise a combination of one or more structures, one or more liquid inlets, one or more gas inlets, one or more gas outlets, and/or one or more liquid outlets that provide liquid to the space. In an embodiment, a surface of the space may be a portion of the substrate and/or substrate table, or a surface of the space may completely cover a surface of the substrate and/or substrate table, or the space may envelop the substrate and/or substrate table. The liquid supply system may optionally further include one or more elements to control the position, quantity, quality, shape, flow rate or any other features of the liquid.

The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Thus, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below. 

1. A lithographic apparatus, comprising: a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate; a projection system configured to project a radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate; a liquid confinement structure configured to at least partially confine a liquid between the projection system and the substrate table, and a liquid supply system configured to supply liquid to the liquid confinement structure and comprising a pressure regulating device configured and arranged in the liquid supply system to reduce a pressure fluctuation in liquid being supplied to the liquid confinement structure, wherein the pressure regulating device is not the source of pressure in the liquid supply system, and wherein the pressure regulating device is one or more selected from the following: a valve configured to change the flow rate of the liquid in the liquid supply system from 0 to about 2 or more liters/minute in 1 to 5 seconds; a drain and a valve in the liquid supply system where the valve is configured to switch the flow of the liquid between the direction to the liquid confinement structure and the direction to the drain; a bleed flow device for use with a valve in the liquid supply system where the bleed flow device is configured to create a bleed flow of liquid in the liquid supply system even when the valve is switched to an off position; and a buffer volume of liquid separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane, the buffer volume configured to release liquid from the buffer volume when the volume of liquid in the liquid supply system drops below a threshold and configured to receive liquid into the buffer volume when the volume of liquid in the liquid supply system rises above a threshold.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises the valve configured to change the flow rate of the liquid in the liquid supply system from 0 to about 2 or more liters/minute in 1 to 5 seconds.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the device comprises at least two valves, wherein all the valves are adapted to change the flow rate of the liquid in the liquid supply system at substantially the same speed.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the valve is positioned downstream of a particle filter in the liquid supply system.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, comprising at least two valves downstream of the particle filter, wherein all the valves are adapted to change the flow rate of the liquid in the liquid supply system at substantially the same speed.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises the drain and the valve in the liquid supply system, the valve configured to switch the flow of the liquid between the direction to the liquid confinement structure and the direction to the drain.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the valve is located within the drain.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises the bleed flow device for use with a valve in the liquid supply system, the bleed flow device configured to create a bleed flow of liquid in the liquid supply system even when the valve is switched to an off position.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a pressure regulator in an inlet of the liquid supply system.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a flow restrictor in an inlet of the liquid supply system.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a buffer volume of liquid separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane, the buffer volume configured to release liquid from the buffer volume when the volume of liquid in the liquid supply system drops below a threshold and configured to receive liquid into the buffer volume when the volume of liquid in the liquid supply system rises above a threshold.
 12. A device manufacturing method, comprising: projecting a patterned beam of radiation onto a substrate via a liquid confinement structure, the liquid confinement structure being supplied with a liquid via a liquid supply system; and reducing a pressure fluctuation in the liquid, in the liquid supply system, being supplied to the liquid confinement structure, wherein the pressure fluctuation reduction is not performed by the source of pressure in the liquid supply system, and wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation is one or more selected from the following: switching liquid flow through a valve in the liquid supply system from 0 to about 2 or more liters/minute in 1 to 5 seconds; bleeding liquid around a valve in the liquid supply system so that the net flow of the liquid does not reduce to 0 liters/minute or to below 0.5 liters/minute; diverting the flow of liquid from towards the liquid confinement structure to a drain; adding liquid to the liquid supply system from a buffer volume separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane if the pressure of liquid in the liquid supply system drops below a threshold; and removing liquid from the liquid supply system to a buffer volume separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane if the pressure of liquid in the liquid supply system rises above a threshold.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises the switching the liquid flow through a valve in the liquid supply system from 0 to about 2 or more liters/minute in 1 to 5 seconds.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises the bleeding the liquid around a valve in the liquid supply system so that the net flow of the liquid does not reduce to 0 liters/minute or to below 0.5 liters/minute.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises the diverting the flow of liquid from towards the liquid confinement structure to a drain.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises the adding liquid to the liquid supply system from a buffer volume separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane if the pressure of liquid in the liquid supply system drops below a threshold.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises the removing liquid from the liquid supply system to a buffer volume separated from the liquid supply system by a flexible membrane if the pressure of liquid in the liquid supply system rises above a threshold.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises regulating a pressure of the liquid at an inlet of the liquid supply system using a pressure regulator.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the pressure fluctuation comprises preventing a shock wave from newly introduced liquid into the liquid supply system using a flow restrictor at an inlet of the liquid supply system. 